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SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES Hongying Yin Feb. 1st 2005 ... Processing gain = W/R, typically at least 100 Processing gain = W/R, ... Gold Code: One of a family of pseudonoise codes that exhibits minimal, well defined, crosscorrelation levels with all other members of the family. This property is often exploited in CDMA
Multiplication with the code sequence which is of a higher bit rate, results in a much wider spectrum. The ratio of the code rate to the information bit rate is called both the spreading factor and the processing gain of the CDMA system. In IS95, the chipping rate is and the spreading factor is 64. Processing gain is usually given in dBs.
The processing gain comes about because it coherently adds the components of the sinusoid together. So you will also see this called coherent gain. This coherent addition is also why when you have a longer signal you get more processing gain more samples add together coherently.
1. Definition of Spread Spectrum (SS) A transmission technique in which a pseudonoise code, independant of the information data, is employed as a modulation waveform to "spread" the signal energy over a bandwidth much greater than the signal information bandwidth. At the receiver the signal is despread" using a"
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Aug 02, 2013· Spreading Factor (SF) or Processing Gain Spreading factor (SF) is the ratio of chip rate to bit rate OR the ratio of the chips to baseband information rate. As after spreading, A single bit of the user data is called chip. Spreading factor is the concept of CDMA used in UMTS. Spreading factors vary from 4 to 512 in FDD UMTS.
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Dec 29, 2014· Gain Is an Important Parameter So Important That There Are Two That You Need to Know. Among practitioners who tune PID control loops manually most note their focus on calculating the Gain. What is sometimes overlooked is that there are two different Gain values – one for the process and the other for the put: Process Gain is a model parameter whereas Controller Gain is .
RGB color space. RGB color space or RGB color system, constructs all the colors from the combination of the Red, Green and Blue colors.. The red, green and blue use 8 bits each, which have integer values from 0 to 255. This makes 256*256*256= possible colors.
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In a spreadspectrum system, the process gain (or "processing gain") is the ratio of the spread (or RF) bandwidth to the unspread (or baseband) bandwidth. It is usually expressed in decibels (dB). For example, if a 1 kHz signal is spread to 100 kHz, the process gain expressed as a numerical ratio would be 100 000 / 1000 = 100.
In IInn In this paper we conducted a study of spreading codes based on which we have developed several programs with which this paper we conducted a study of spreading codes based on which we have developed several programs with which code can generate the type M sequences, Gold and Gold, which is orthogonal to calculate autocorrelation and ...
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particular example. The processing gain can be then viewed as the 10Log[11]dB where 11 is the length of the PN code. If a code with a length of 16 bits is to be used then the processing gain is equivalent to 10 Log[16] dB or To this end these PN signals must posses certain mathematical properties to be useful as part of a DSSS system.
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Introduction In a multiuser environment (like spread spectrum, CDMA ) large number of codes with good correlation properties, is a necessity. Gold codes are suited for this application, since a large number of codes with controlled correlation can be generated by a simple time shift of two preferred msequences.
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Jun 25, 2014· Some basic image processing functions involve manipulation of the pixels using filters or histogram based functions that modify the pixel distribution. Some of these enhance the image''s display in various ways or remove noise. This article will describe C++ code that .
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